Diabetes is a major health problem in the world including Nepal. Diabetes in Nepal affects a large number of adults and the risk can increase due to factors like family history, unhealthy eating habits, physical inactivity, excess body weight and increasing age. Identifying these risk factors can help individuals make healthier choices, recognize potential warning signs, and seek appropriate medical advice when needed.
Diabetes is a disease in which blood glucose, also known as blood sugar, is too high. It can damage several systems in the body if left untreated for too long. It could impact the heart and blood vessels, eyes, kidneys, and nerves. Still, type 2 diabetes is preventable and controllable by maintaining a healthy lifestyle, exercising, eating properly, keeping the right weight, not smoking, and having regular medical checkups.
What Is Diabetes?
Diabetes is a chronic disease that is related to the abnormal functioning of blood sugar levels in the body.
Blood sugar, also known as glucose, is formed when the body breaks down carbohydrates. Blood sugar provides energy for the body’s cells. The pancreas produces insulin, a hormone that allows blood sugar to enter body cells.
In people with diabetes, the amount of insulin is insufficient or the absorption mechanism is impaired. As a result, blood sugar levels rise.
High blood sugar levels over long periods of time can damage blood vessels and nerves and lead to eye disease, kidney failure, heart problems, and other conditions.
Main Types of Diabetes
There are several types of diabetes, but the three most common types of diabetes are type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 Diabetes
Type 1 diabetes develops when the body cannot produce insulin, due to an autoimmune problem. People with type 1 diabetes need regular doses of insulin to survive.
Type 1 diabetes is not caused simply by eating too much sugar and or having an unhealthy lifestyle, and cannot at present be prevented.
Type 2 Diabetes
Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes, and develops when the body becomes resistant to its own insulin, and eventually stops being able to produce enough insulin.
A number of factors raise the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, including family history of the disease, age, excessive body weight, and lack of regular exercise.
Gestational Diabetes
Gestational diabetes occurs in pregnancy, when blood sugar levels rise above normal.
Pregnant women should consult their doctor about screening and monitoring as gestational diabetes often requires specific management.
Diabetes in Nepal: What Do We Know?
Diabetes is one of the noncommunicable diseases in Nepal.
The Nepal STEPS survey carried out in 2019 revealed that the prevalence of diabetes among adults has increased from 3.6% in 2013 to 5.8% in 2019 (Nepal STEPS Survey 2019). Moreover, the same study detected that the increased blood glucose level is an important health problem affecting adults.
However, the IDF’s estimates for the year 2024 indicate that the number of diabetic adults in Nepal has reached 7.7%, or 1.26 million people. Since the two reports differ in time, location, and other aspects, it is impossible to say that these are objective comparisons that allow us to determine the exact trends in prevalence.
In any case, the data mentioned above are enough to show that diabetes awareness, prevention, screening, and treatment are essential in Nepal.
According to the WHO, such conditions as unhealthy diets, insufficient physical activity, tobacco use, raised blood pressure, overweight or obesity, and other metabolic risk factors are key drivers of noncommunicable diseases, including diabetes.
Common Risk Factors for Diabetes
Not everyone has an equal risk of developing diabetes. There are factors that increase the risk of developing diabetes, which cannot be controlled, and those that can be mitigated by changes in lifestyle and by health care.
Family History
Having a close relative with type 2 diabetes can raise the risk.
A family history of the disease does not mean that one will inevitably develop it; it simply means that it will be important to pay more attention to other risk factors and to regular check-ups.
Increasing Age
The risk of type 2 diabetes naturally increases with age. However, type 2 diabetes can occur in young adults and even in children.
Therefore, diabetes should not be considered exclusively an ailment of older people.
Physical Inactivity
Physical activity enhances glucose utilization and improves general well-being. A sedentary lifestyle increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
Unhealthy Eating Patterns
Consumption of foods and beverages high in calories, saturated fats, trans fats, cholesterol, and added sugars increases the risk of overweight and obesity and contributes to type 2 diabetes risk.
It is unhealthy to consume highly processed meals and sugar-sweetened beverages in large quantities. However, it is even more important to pay attention to the overall diet, not just the occasional meal.
Excess Body Weight
Excess body weight increases the risk of type 2 diabetes. The key to reducing diabetes risk is to make gradual changes in lifestyle; skipping meals or trying to lose more than two pounds a week should be avoided.
Healthy eating, physical activity, and sleep habits, as well as diabetes risk assessments and professional counseling, are effective measures to consider.
Tobacco Use
Tobacco use is a leading risk factor for many severe health conditions and noncommunicable diseases. Quitting tobacco use is a critical step towards preventing tobacco-related illnesses and improving general health.
High Blood Pressure and Cholesterol
High blood pressure and lipid abnormalities are two interrelated risk factors that frequently contribute to the development of additional diseases. Effective treatment and control are critical measures for reducing the overall risk of developing cardiovascular disease.
Symptoms of Diabetes
Diabetes frequently does not present any symptoms that are obvious, especially in the early stages of type 2 diabetes.
The signs and symptoms of diabetes can include:
- Increased thirst
- Increased frequency of urination
- Increased hunger
- Tiredness
- Blurred vision
- Unexplained weight loss
- Impaired healing of wounds
- Recurrent infections
The symptoms of diabetes can be similar to those of other diseases and should not be relied on to diagnose diabetes. A blood sugar test and medical evaluation are required to confirm a diagnosis. The World Health Organization highlights the importance of early diagnosis of diabetes since it can lead to serious complications if left untreated.
Why Early Diabetes Detection Matters?
Some people might have diabetes and may not know it. This could be due to type 2 diabetes being gradual in its development, and mild symptoms, or even no symptoms at all.
Asking for periodic health exams can help detect high levels of glucose in the blood before any complications arise.
Early detection gives a person the opportunity to talk to a medical professional about the changes they need to make in their diet, exercise, medications if needed, and much more.
The Role of Regular Health Check-Ups
Regular health check-ups can help identify diabetes and other health problems earlier.
A person does not have to wait until symptoms become severe before discussing health concerns with a doctor. Blood glucose testing is an important tool for detecting diabetes.
People with risk factors can discuss appropriate screening with a healthcare professional.
Who May Need to Pay Extra Attention?
Patients should consider discussing the opportunity for diabetes screening with their doctor if any of the following risk factors apply:
- There is a family history of diabetes.
- The patient has had gestational diabetes previously.
- The patient is overweight.
- The patient has high blood pressure.
- The patient has high cholesterol.
- The patient is physically inactive.
- The patient is aging.
- The patient has had abnormal blood sugar tests in the past.
Due to the individual nature of diabetes and the unique circumstances of each case, it is best to speak with a medical professional about when and what type of screening is best.
Healthy Eating Habits for Diabetes Prevention
Healthy eating is a cornerstone of preventing or delaying type 2 diabetes.
A healthy diet should not necessarily, in fact it may comprise many familiar foods.
Eat More Vegetables
They are a great source of fiber, vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients.
Try to eat a variety of vegetables as part of every meal, and go for seasonal, local produce when available.
Go For Whole Grains
Foods such as whole grains and other high fiber carbs should make up a significant part of one’s diet.
In Nepal, this could mean rotating between rice, roti, and other coarse grains and cereals in your daily diet, without overeating.
Of course, those with diabetes are recommended to consult a dietician or medical professional to help them build a healthy diet.
More Protein Rich Foods
Protein-rich foods like legumes, beans, lentils, eggs, fish, and other dairy products and meats should be consumed in your daily diet.
Many traditional Nepalese dishes make use of high-protein food staples like dal, so you could go heavy on these in your meals.
Say No To Sugar
Sugary beverages, sweetened drinks, and highly-processed juices and smoothies are extremely high in sugar and unhealthy calories, and should only be consumed on special occasions.
Hydration is key for people with diabetes, and water is the most diabetic-friendly drink available.
Avoid Highly-Processed Foods
Highly-processed foods are to be limited in a diabetic diet. Many contain unhealthy amounts of added sugar, saturated fats, and empty calories.
The key to building a healthy diet, however, is not to deprive yourself of foods with sugar or fat – limit them.
Healthy Habits for Diabetes Prevention
Lifestyle modifications may significantly contribute to the prevention of type 2 diabetes.
Stay Physically Active
The World Health Organization recommends a minimum of 150 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity per week for adults as a part of diabetes prevention and overall health maintenance.
Physical activity may include any form of transport, games, occupation, domestic, or other activities, as well as participation in organized sports.
Individuals should not start or change an exercise program if they have certain conditions or have been inactive for a long time. In such cases, it is necessary to consult a healthcare provider.
Reduce Long Periods of Sitting
Even physically active people who lead a healthy lifestyle may damage their health by sitting for too long.
To reduce the amount of time spent sitting, one should take breaks and try to move instead of sitting if it is possible.
Maintain Healthy Sleep Habits
Healthy sleep patterns are essential for well-being.
The lack of sleep or irregular sleep schedules disrupts metabolism, induces hunger and cravings for unhealthy food, and negatively affects mood.
It is essential to have proper regimens and comfortable conditions for sleeping.
Avoid Tobacco
A balanced diet and regular physical activity are critical components of diabetes prevention and treatment.
In addition, it is vital to quit using tobacco in any form because of its harmful effects on the human body.
Tobacco use damages nearly all organs and tissues and significantly increases the risks of developing various diseases, including cardiovascular conditions and cancer.
Limit Alcohol
It is vital to limit alcohol consumption because ethanol contains calories that may disrupt glucose metabolism.
People with diabetes should not drink because alcohol may interfere with the action of antidiabetic drugs. Moreover, persons with diabetes should consult a healthcare provider before consuming alcohol.
Managing Diabetes After Diagnosis
Prevention is significant, but people with the condition are still able to lead active and fulfilling lives with appropriate intervention.
The disease often requires a change in lifestyle, medications, blood glucose monitoring, and periodic check-ups.
The treatment plan should be decided in consultation with healthcare providers based on the form of the disease.
Take Medicines as Directed
Diabetic patients should take their medications as directed by healthcare providers. One should not take more or less than the prescribed number of drugs.
Monitor Blood Glucose as Recommended
Individuals with diabetes might be required to frequently check blood glucose levels.
The frequency and method of testing should be decided by the patient in consultation with a healthcare provider based on the type of disease, treatment plan, drugs, and many other factors.
Schedule and Attend Regular Check-Ups
Since the disease can affect all areas of the body, it is significant to regularly monitor blood glucose levels and screen other parts of the body for irregularities.
The World Health Organization emphasizes the importance of regular tests and screenings for eye problems, kidney issues, nerve damage, and feet deformities as part of the treatment plan for diabetes.
Conclusion
Though diabetes is indeed a serious problem in Nepal, there are particular measures that can be taken to address it. For instance, paying attention to various risk factors, adopting a healthy diet, engaging in physical activity, avoiding tobacco use, getting enough sleep, and receiving the required medical attention can greatly improve one’s health.
Obviously, there are certain risk factors that one cannot control, such as family history or age. However, the proper health care and lifestyle choices can significantly reduce the chances of developing type 2 diabetes. Moreover, a balanced diet and regular physical activity are beneficial for virtually everyone, regardless of their genetic predispositions and current weight.
Those who have already been diagnosed with diabetes need to be especially careful about their health. The most crucial aspect is to receive adequate medical care in accordance with one’s personal case. For example, a patient might be required to take oral medication or receive insulin injections. It is also vital to periodically check blood sugar levels and consult a doctor in case of any concerns.
People with diabetes have several options for checking their blood glucose. To learn more about the differences between these methods, and how they’re used in Nepal, check out our guide CGM vs Finger-Prick: Which Is Better in Nepal?
Frequently Asked Questions
Is diabetes common in Nepal?
Yes, unfortunately it is. According to (IDF), in 2024, approximately 7.7% of the adult population of Nepal had diabetes.
Can diabetes type 2 be prevented?
Type 2 diabetes can often be prevented or delayed by physical activity, healthy eating, and maintaining a normal weight along with avoiding tobacco use.
Is it true that eating sugar cannot give you diabetes?
It is true that consuming only sugar is not the cause of developing diabetes. The appearance of type 2 diabetes is determined by many factors such as heredity, aging, body weight, physical activity, and nutrition.
Can young people get diabetes?
Yes, both types of diabetes can appear at any age. Type 1 diabetes can develop in children and young adults, while type 2 diabetes can also be present in young people.
Is there a cure for diabetes?
Unfortunately, there is no simple cure for diabetes. With the proper treatment and care, most people with diabetes can lead a full life.
How can one know he/she has got diabetes?
The fact of having diabetes is established by a glucose tolerance test. If you suspect that you have diabetes, it is essential to consult your doctor and schedule blood tests.
Is walking beneficial for diabetes prevention?
It is indeed beneficial. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that all adults participate in at least 150 minutes of moderately intense physical activity per week.
